DNA, Genetics, and Inheritance
Key genetics vocabulary, DNA basics, and Punnett square/pedigree rules for exam questions.
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Questions Covered in This Set
10 cards to master
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine.
Difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the alleles present (e.g. Bb); phenotype is the observable trait (e.g. brown eyes).
Homozygous vs heterozygous
Homozygous = two identical alleles (BB or bb); heterozygous = two different alleles (Bb).
What ratios come from an Aa × Aa cross?
Genotype 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa; phenotype 3 unaffected : 1 affected (25% chance affected).
What does Aa × aa produce?
1:1 ratio — 50% Aa (unaffected carriers) and 50% aa (affected).
Transcription vs translation
Transcription: DNA → mRNA in the nucleus. Translation: mRNA codons → amino acids → protein at the ribosome.
Mitosis vs meiosis
Mitosis makes 2 identical diploid body cells for growth/repair; meiosis makes 4 genetically different haploid gametes (23 chromosomes).
Two unaffected parents have an affected child — what does this show?
The trait is recessive, and both parents must be heterozygous carriers (Aa).
Why are X-linked recessive conditions more common in males?
Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele is enough to show the trait.
What happens when two pink snapdragons (C^R C^W) are crossed?
1 red : 2 pink : 1 white — an example of incomplete dominance.
